BSBCC Construction Photo Diary
We’ve reached halfway in the contract to build Phase I of the new Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre and I’m pleased to report good progress. I’ll let the photos tell the story.
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We’ve reached halfway in the contract to build Phase I of the new Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre and I’m pleased to report good progress. I’ll let the photos tell the story.
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Construction of the Borneo Sun Bear Conservation Centre (BSBCC) has started. On 29th June the site was formally handed over to the contractor by representatives of the landowners, Sabah Wildlife Department and Sabah Forestry Departement.
Our contractor Mee San of Lahad Datu now has 6 months to complete the first phase building valued at MYR 600,000. On completion we will have a new bear house with night time bear dens for 20 animals.
Simultaneously we are implementing our Bear Action Teams (BATs) program that forms partnerships with ‘voluntourism’ organisations worldwide. Over the next six months teams from UK Scouts, Raleigh, World Challenge, Wilderness Expertise and Camps International will assist BSBCC with construction of peripheral infrastructure.
This infrastructure includes 1km of electric fencing, 400m of boardwalk, 400m of trails, screening walls, biodigester and waste water management system.
With both the new bear house and electric fencing in place we plan to relocate the bears to their new home in January 2010.
Funding permitting we can then start phase II which will make BSBCC fully operational with the completion of a visitor centre, quarantine area and observation gallery.
After nearly two years in preparation it’s exciting to be underway. It won’t be long until those bears are climbing trees again!
Our proposal for a Sun Bear Conservation Centre in Borneo has moved closer to reality thanks to an extravagant Fundraising Dinner held in Kota Kinabalu in November.
The event which was organised by our partner LEAP succeeded in raising over half a million ringgit. This money was then matched one-to-one by the State Government to give us a total which we hope will be enough to build Phase One.
The first priority is to enclose 1 hectare of the Sepilok Forest Reserve with electric fences. This will allow a controlled release of bears into their natural habitat.
All of the bears currently held at Sepilok have been confiscated by the Sabah Wildlife Department, usually from the pet trade or mini-zoos. These bears have become habituated to humans so if we just let them loose again in the forest they will either not have the skills to survive, or would make a nuisance of themselves and end up back where they started, or worse.
Phase One will provide the means to look after the welfare of up to 27 bears, for the rest of their lives if necessary. The capacity is limited by the number of night time dens and the number of forest enclosures.
A new bear house is to be built with denning for 20 bears plus food preparation, staff areas and a training pen. The training pen is used to teach the bears about electric fences! Meanwhile the existing bear house will be converted to be used for quarantine, treatment and birthing and then later extended to house a visitor centre
In design terms the biggest challenge is facilitating the movement of bears and making life easy and safe for both the bears and their keepers. Imagine the logistics of releasing 20 bears each morning into the correct forest enclosure and then getting them all back in again at night!
In the wild, sun bears live at very low densities and are generally solitary. In captivity they can become quite sociable but there is a risk that mixing the wrong bears could result in a brutal fight.
Making the building sustainable is of course high on our agenda. The bear house will use a lot of energy in operation and will embody plenty more in the construction materials.
We can mitigate the latter to a certain extent by using pre-cast concrete floors and lightweight block walls, but are constrained by the need to use concrete to raise the dens above flood level and to provide a surface that can stand the daily wash-down.
The access corridor between the dens will be floored with bio-composite boards which are made from recycled HDPE plastic mixed with a natural fiber – in this case rice husks.
To make the buildings comfortable for both bears and keepers we use large areas of natural ventilation plus a bituminous fibre roof sheeting which does not transfer heat as well as steel and also has the benefit of deadening the drumming of rain, which can be uncomfortable in a tropical deluge.
Luckily the site allows us to orient the building East-West which helps to minimise solar gain in the concrete structure.
As the centre will use large volumes of water for cleaning we will put in as many rainwater tanks as we can afford and link them together with electric pumps. These pumps together with the electric fences and a large fridge will be the biggest energy consumer in operation. Given the high cost of on-site power generation I don’t think we can do much about this at present
Greywater from washing down the cages will be treated in a septic tank and reed bed filter before being recycled. Solid waste will be scooped up daily from the dens and fed to a bio-digester from which we plan to capture methane to be used to cook the bear’s food. The staff toilet and any food scraps will also feed the digester.
Completion of Phase One is expected in late 2009. Meanwhile we will continue to raise funds for Phase Two. This will help the case for economic sustainability by offering a visitor centre, observation gallery and environmental education program. On completion of both phases the centre will complement the nearby Sepilok Orang-utan Centre and Rainforest Discovery Centre thus strengthening Sepilok’s reputation as a hub for environmental education and nature tourism.
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In Sabah I am working on the design of a Sun Bear Conservation Centre, but is it really a conservation centre? In the course of my research for this project, a prominent conservationist suggested to me that its function was likely to focus on animal welfare.
This got me wondering. Where is the boundary between wildlife conservation and animal welfare?
As man continues to encroach on natural habitats, more endangered species end up in our care.
The dilemma we face is the balance between providing a good home for displaced wildlife and avoiding displacement in the first place through effective conservation.
It is important to distinguish between conservation and welfare because this will help assess the value of a project. If we see a lot of animal welfare projects this suggests that resources should be targeted at in-situ conservation projects to redress the balance.
Next door to the site of the proposed Sun Bear Conservation Centre is the well known Sepilok Orang-utan Rehabilitation Centre (SORC). The stated goal of SORC is to rehabilitate orphaned orang-utans. We presume that this means returning them to the wild with the skills necessary to survive.
In practice most orang-utans which arrive at SORC never leave the 5500ha Sepilok Forest Reserve. Here they live in isolation from other wild orang-utan populations at higher densities than might naturally be expected. Anecdotes suggest that the rehabilitation programme has released as few as 5 individuals into the Tabin Wildlife Reserve.
Dr Reza Azmi of Wild Asia has lamented to me that in some cases, particularly in Kalimantan, these sanctuaries are “the end of the line for orang-utans”. As deforestation continues there remain fewer and fewer viable natural areas to release future ‘orphan’ animals.
“The scariest thing is that these sanctuaries are becoming more common” says Reza and not just for Orang-utans but for other charismatic mammals such as Tarsiers and Sun Bears.
The Sepilok Orang-utan Appeal argues emotively that we have a moral obligation to try to care for these environmental refugees. This is true, but are we helping to conserve the species by doing so?
Supporters of the ‘sanctuary’ or ‘conservation centre’ argue that they fulfill a vital environmental education role which will filter down to public pressure for conservation.
“That is the Zoo philosophy” says Dr. Glyn Davies, WWF Director of Programmes and former Director of Conservation for the Zoological Society of London.
Environmental education is important but it needs to be carefully balanced with conservation work. Conservation means stopping and/or reversing habitat loss, preventing extinction and conserving populations of wild animals.
“As soon as you anthropomorphise an animal, you are no longer involved in conservation, but animal welfare” summarised Glyn. By this he means to give the animal human characteristics – like a name.
Glyn was commenting to me on a comparison between the Borneo Sun Bear Conservation Centre and the Borneo Rhinoceros Conservation Centre. I was having difficulty to understand why he thought that the Rhinoceros Centre was a bona fide conservation project and the Sun Bear Centre was not.
He explained that the Rhino project was trying to save a critically endangered animal from imminent extinction through a captive breeding programme (see my earlier post). This process relies on minimum human/animal contact and certainly no tourists who might upset these shy animals.
Conversely, Sun Bears are curious and adaptable animals and once accustomed to humans there is always potential for human/animal conflict if they are released back into the wild.
It seems that in Sun Bears vs Rhinos the difference between conservation and welfare comes down to their temperaments.
This doesn’t sound fair but the implication is that if we cannot re-establish wild animals from a captive breeding population then we are not directly helping to conserve them.
What we can do is provide better welfare for those captive animals and this in itself is a worthy objective. Animal Welfare means avoiding unnecessary suffering in animals in our care and can be neatly encapsulated by the so called five freedoms: Freedom from hunger/thirst, discomfort, pain/injury/disease, to behave normally and freedom from fear/distress.
The Sun Bears at Sepilok are kept in small cages with no access to the outside. Almost all of them exhibit signs of distress such as excessive pacing and toe sucking. If there were no prospect of improving their living conditions the only humane alternative would be euthanasia.
The case for the Sun Bear Centre is further justified by the environmental education argument. For a large furry mammal, there is a surprising lack of awareness of this species in Borneo.
Compare them to orang-utans which are instantly recognisable to most people. In my opinion it would be difficult to justify more orang-utan sanctuaries or education centres on conservation grounds. For that species (and possibly primates in general) our energy is now better deployed on in-situ conservation.
A good example is the Hutan Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Project (Hutan) started by French NGO HUTAN. This tackles the human/animal relationship by training the local community as field workers and developing community based eco-tourism dependent on wild orang-utans.
Unfortunately this kind of project cannot reverse the habitat fragmentation due to expansion of palm oil plantations. One way to do this is to leverage the public awareness campaigns of zoos and sanctuaries to raise money to outbid the plantations.
This approach has seen recent success with a campaign by World Land Trust and LEAP to buy up land in the Kinabatangan to be designated for conservation in perpetuity.
The future survival of Sun Bears depends on similar coordinated conservation strategies. Once the pressing need for animal welfare is met, there is exciting potential for the Borneo Sun Bear Conservation Centre to expand its influence to reverse habitat loss and conserve wild populations.
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Above is a concept design image for a sun bear conservation centre proposed adjacent to the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary at Sandakan in Sabah.
Juvenile sun bears are undeniably cute and the adults are very handsome. Fully grown they would be a little above my knee in height, although rearing on hind legs they can be much more intimidating. Regrettably I have only seen them behind bars. The closest I have come to a wild sun bear was when I heard one raiding the kitchen during the night at Agathis Camp in Maliau Basin.
Sun bears are adaptable animals but unfortunately their habit of diversifying into convenience food often brings them into conflict with humans. Humans are also known to trap bears without provocation on the spurious grounds that bear body parts have medicinal properties. Also the fact that young bears are cute makes them popular in the illegal pet trade.
The sun bear’s main handicap to their conservation however, is their ecological position as an apex predator. The effect of this is that they live at very low densities. In the rainforest of Sabah, my friend Siew Te Wong estimates that they occur at the rate of approximately one bear to ten square kilometers. You do not have to chop down a lot of rainforest to make a big relative dent on the sun bear population.
Wong estimates that there may be 10,000 sun bears in their home range across Southeast Asia. To put this in perspective the estimated orang-utan population is approximately 50,000 with 41,000 of these in Borneo. Most people are familiar with orang utans, but the sun bear remains the least known of the eight species of bear and certainly attracts much less attention than their anthropomorphic red hairy neighbours.
The Borneo Sun Bear Conservation Centre (BSBCC) will be the first of it’s kind in Malaysia and is being set up in partnership with the Sabah State Wildlife and State Forestry Departments. It’s long term goal is to raise the profile and support for sun bear conservation. The first and most pressing objective however is to provide better welfare for sun bears currently being held in captivity in Sabah.
There are 9 bears in Sepilok at the moment and several more distributed across Sabah. Most of these animals have either been confiscated by or been deposited with the Wildlife Department. They are held in small cages with no access to outside spaces.
The brief of BSBCC is to provide individual night time denning for 36 bears in two phases. There will be additional cages for quarantine, treatment and birthing. A vital facility to the well being of the bears is to provide every animal with controlled access to primary forest during daytime. The total area of forest pens will be about 2 hectares and bears will be prevented from escaping using fences and hot-wires. The Forestry Department has approved a part of the Sepilok Forest Reserve to be used for this purpose and the Wildlife Department has given the go ahead to adapt an enclosure formerly designed to contain Sumatran Rhinoceros.
The final component of the brief is to provide staff facilities plus a shop and visitor centre. Tired of stuffy ‘nature interpretation galleries’, the Arkitrek concept is interpretive information presented as a walk from the built environment into the forest. The walk is designed to be accessible to everyone and culminates in an observation gallery which is part seminar space, part interpretive display and part pavilion in the forest from where sun bears can be observed in their natural environment.
Did you like the use of the word ‘pavilion’ just there? Architects love that word [ed]
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